Development and Validation of Learning and Decision-Making Tasks

* INCLUSION CRITERIA:

There are two levels of inclusion and exclusion criteria; those applying to all participants and those applying to participants in the 'MRI' phase only. Participants will be cleared for both the behavioral and MRI phases, if eligible, and will be invited to sign one or both consents depending on what tasks are active at the time of consent. If a person is not MRI compatible, they will only be offered enrollment into the behavioral phase of the study.

In order to be eligible to participate in this study, an individual must meet the following criteria:

1. Male or female, aged 18-45 years old. Justification: Many neural processes change with age, and these changes could introduce unwanted variability in both behavioral and MRI signals.
2. In good general health.

   In order to be eligible to participate in the MRI phase of this study, an individual must - in addition - also meet all of the following criteria:
3. Right-handed.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

Individuals who meet any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation:

1. History of neurological illnesses or neurosurgery including but not limited to cerebrovascular accident, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease, CNS tumor, significant head trauma with sequelae, multiple sclerosis or other demyelinating diseases, epilepsy, movement disorders. The MAI will also retain discretion to exclude based on a history of a neurological illness or trauma that may compromise data integrity.
2. History of currently unresolved psychiatric disorders with current (past 12 months) regular use of psychiatric medications. Past/remitted (\>12 months ago) psychiatric disorders with no currently active symptoms and no current use of psychiatric medications may be included in the study, per MAI discretion.
3. Pattern of alcohol and drug use in the past 12 months that is indicative of harmful use, loss of control over use, or physical dependence.
4. Daily nicotine, alcohol, or drug use (excluding caffeine) for at least 4 continuous weeks in the past 12 months.
5. Current use of psychoactive medications and medications that affect alertness and that cannot (in principle) be withheld the night before the study visit. Participants who can withhold these medications will either (1) withhold the medication during this time or (2) not withhold the medication and pass a clinical assessment for intoxication on the day of the study visit. Based on participant preferences and MAI/PI judgement, participants who fail the clinical assessment for intoxication will either be withdrawn or rescheduled and asked to withhold the medication.
6. For tasks that involve gustatory or olfactory stimuli, food intake: History of anaphylaxis, e.g., due to severe asthma or food and non-food allergies (e.g., latex, detergents, soap, etc.). This will disqualify participants for tasks that involve chemosensory stimuli or food intake, but not from the study itself.
7. Uncorrected impairments in visual acuity.
8. Non-English speaking. Justification: To include non-English speakers, we would have to translate the consent and other study documents and hire and train bilingual staff, which would require resources that we do not have and could not justify, given the small sample size for each experiment. Additionally, the data integrity of some of the cognitive tasks used in this study would be compromised as they have only been validated in English. Most importantly, ongoing communication regarding safety procedures is necessary when participants are undergoing MRI procedures. The inability to effectively communicate MRI safety procedures in a language other than English could compromise the safety of non-English speaking participants.
9. Pregnancy.
10. Any other condition that in the judgment of the investigators is incompatible with participation.

    An individual who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in the MRI phase of this study:
11. Unable to undergo MRI scanning due to certain metallic or magnetic devices or implants in the body, or claustrophobia.