The Effects of Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Exercises Added to Postural Stabilization Training in Chronic Ankle Instability

Inclusion Criteria:

* Being between 18 and 35 years of age.
* Being classified as a Tier 2 athlete according to the McKay et al. Participant Classification Framework (trained/developmental level).
* Having a history of at least one lateral ankle sprain (LAS) occurring at least 12 months before enrollment, resulting in swelling, pain, and functional impairment, and followed by persistent instability.
* Having the most recent ankle sprain at least 3 months before study enrollment.
* Having a history of recurrent ankle sprains or episodes of "giving way."
* Having a diagnosis of unilateral chronic ankle instability (CAI).
* Having a Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool - Turkish Version (CAIT-T) score of ≤24.
* Having a Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) score of \<90%.
* Having a Foot and Ankle Ability Measure Sports subscale (FAAM-S) score of \<80%.
* A side-to-side difference of ≥2.5 cm in Weight-Bearing Lunge Test distance, with the affected side demonstrating less dorsiflexion than the unaffected side.

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of acute lateral ankle sprain within the last 3 months.
* History of lower extremity surgery.
* History of acute injury to other musculoskeletal structures of the lower extremity joints within the last 3 months that affected joint integrity and function and caused interruption of desired physical activity for at least one day.
* History of balance or vestibular disorders, including cerebellar, vestibular, cochlear, or inner ear dysfunction.
* Visual problems that may affect the administration or interpretation of the Dynamic Visual Acuity Test, including a history of amblyopia, diplopia, or significant visual loss.
* Persistent symptoms related to a previous concussion or traumatic brain injury.