Human Absorption Study of Liposomal Glucosamine Supplements

Inclusion Criteria:

* Adults aged ≥18 years, regardless of sex, who are willing to sign the informed consent form and are able to fully comply with all study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant or breastfeeding women, or individuals who are unwilling to use a physical method of contraception during the study period, such as condoms or an intrauterine device.
* Employees of TCI Co., Ltd. and their family members.
* Individuals who have regularly taken any supplements or medications containing glucosamine or N-acetylglucosamine (N-acetyl-glucosamine) within 14 days prior to study initiation, defined as use for ≥7 consecutive days.
* Individuals with a history of chronic gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), chronic diarrhea, Crohn's disease, celiac disease, bowel control problems/fecal incontinence, pancreatitis, peptic ulcer disease, colorectal cancer, short bowel syndrome, or ulcerative colitis; a history of epilepsy or seizures; liver or kidney disease; malignancy; endocrine disorders; psychiatric disorders; alcohol or substance abuse; or other significant organic diseases, as determined based on medical history.
* Individuals with a history of gastrointestinal surgery, organ transplantation, or other major surgery.
* Individuals who have experienced acute gastroenteritis within 2 weeks prior to study initiation.
* Individuals with a history of allergy to any ingredient in the investigational products. The investigational products contain shrimp- and soy-derived ingredients.
* Vegetarians, as the glucosamine used in this study is derived from shrimp.